![]() ![]() In 2012, the European Union banned battery husbandry of chickens. There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. Despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are some potential health issues arising from cholesterol content, salmonella contamination, and allergy to egg proteins.Ĭhickens and other egg-laying creatures are kept widely throughout the world and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. Due to their protein content, the United States Department of Agriculture formerly categorized eggs as Meat within the Food Guide Pyramid (now MyPlate). Egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, and are widely used in cookery. Fish eggs consumed as food are known as roe or caviar.īird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen ( egg white), and vitellus ( egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes. People may also eat the eggs of reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Eggs of other birds, including ostriches and other ratites, are eaten regularly but much less commonly than those of chickens. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especially chickens. Humans in Southeast Asia had domesticated chickens and harvested their eggs for food by 1500 BCE. Humans and human ancestors have scavenged and eaten animal eggs for millions of years. For other uses, see Egg (disambiguation).įried eggs with carrot, Parmesan and cream For the causality dilemma, see Chicken or the egg. The FAT score is a new, simple, semiquantitative evaluation of human scAT fibrosis that may help identify patients with a potential limited weight-loss response to RYGB."Chicken egg" redirects here. The association remained significant after adjustment for age, diabetes status, hypertension, percent fat mass, and interleukin-6 level (adjusted odds ratio, 3.6 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 7.2 P = 0.003). FAT score ≥2 was significantly associated with PR. FAT score interobserver agreement was good (κ = 0.76). The link between FAT score and PR was tested in univariate and multivariate models.įAT score was directly associated with increasing scAT fibrosis measured by a standard quantification method (P for trend <0.001). PR to RYGB was defined as <28% of total weight loss at 1 year (lowest tertile). Using this score, we characterized 183 perioperative scAT biopsy specimens from severely obese patients who underwent RYGB (n = 85 from a training cohort n = 98 from a confirmation cohort). We created a fibrosis score of adipose tissue (FAT score) integrating perilobular and pericellular fibrosis. To create a semiquantitative score evaluating scAT fibrosis and test its predictive value on weight-loss response after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Quantification of subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) fibrosis is negatively associated with post-BS weight loss, but whether it could constitute a predictor applicable in clinical routine remains to be demonstrated. Factors predicting poor weight-loss response (PR) need to be identified to improve patient care. 10 Sorbonne Universités, IRD, UMI 209, UMMISCO, IRD France Nord, F-93143 Bondy, France.īariatric surgery (BS) induces major and sustainable weight loss in many patients.9 Department of Digestive and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Liver Transplantation, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, F-75013 Paris, France.8 Department of General, Digestive, and Metabolic Surgery, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, F-92100 Boulogne, France.7 Centre de Recherche Bichat-Beaujon, INSERM U773, University Paris-Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France.6 Beaujon Hospital, Pathology Department, AP-HP, F-92110 Clichy, France.5 Department of Pathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, UIMAP, UPMC Université Paris 06, F-75013 Paris, France.4 Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75013 Paris, France. ![]() 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMRS1166, F-75005 Paris France.2 INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomic Team 6, F-75013 Paris, France.1 Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN) F-75013 Paris France. ![]()
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